2. Legal Framework and Control Measures in South Korea Table 1 Legal framework and control measures in South Korea. Legal framework and measures Legislation Authorities Methods Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity (2013, revised 2019) Local environmental offices, local governments Control, eradication, habitat modification, chemical treatments, biological control agents S.H. PARK 2.3 Response to Damage by Alien Species The response to damage caused by alien species is categorized into three levels: interest, caution and severe, each with specific measures tailored to the severity of the situation: • Interest stage: Surveillance is conducted at borders such as at airports and seaports, as well as at potential invasion sites based on the ecological characteristics of the species. This stage focuses on early detection to prevent the establishment of alien species. • Caution sage: Initial investigation and surveillance are carried out by local environmental offices and the Korea National Park Service in the affected areas. Following this, local governments implement control measures to manage and mitigate the spread of the alien species. • Severe stage: A field response team is formed, local comprising environmental offices, local governments, the Korea National Park Service resource departments. At this stage, secondary investigation and surveillance are conducted in the affected areas with expanded scope and frequency. Additionally, secondary control measures local environmental offices, local governments and relevant the resource departments situation. These 2.4 Insect Discovery Reporting Form The insect discovery reporting form is designed for systematic documentation and reporting of insect species that are discovered. This structured form ensures comprehensive data collection for effective monitoring and management of insect discoveries (Table 2). is allowed only for exceptional purposes such as academic research, exhibition or education, with prior approval from the head of the local environmental office. This category applies to species that may cause direct and immediate disruption to the ecosystem. 2.5 Process for Managing Invasive Species in South Korea To enhance clarity and visual appeal, the process from detection to eradication of invasive species is illustrated in Fig. 1. By following this structured process, South Korea ensures a systematic and effective approach to managing invasive ant species. The process includes stages from initial detection at borders and potential invasion sites, to comprehensive documentation and continuous monitoring. Based on this legal framework, the subsequent sections Description Diversity In South Korea, the Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity, initially enacted in 2013 and revised in 2019, aims to mitigate the increasing influx of alien species and minimize their associated impacts (Table 1). This legislation designates and regulates Alert Alien Species (AAS) to maintain ecological balance. Under this Act, designated controlled species are managed by local environmental offices and local governments. These implementing essential authorities are measures habitat such modification, chemical the use of biological control agents when these species are detected in natural ecosystems. These measures ensure a systematic approach to the conservation of biodiversity and the management of alien species in South Korea. relevant authorities, tasked with as Controlled species are categorized into three types, These classifications and conditions for controlled species have been established systematically based on the Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity in South Korea. including control, treatments and eradication, Importation the Ministry of Environment, and implemented are to effectively manage response measures ensure a comprehensive and scalable approach to managing and mitigating the impact of alien species in South Korea. stratified through various response stages, relevant by 180 benefit not only invasive ant management efforts in South Korea but also similar management strategies worldwide. 2.1 The Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological 2.2 Categories of Controlled Species each with its own specific conditions for importation: • Species of Concern: Approval must be obtained from the local environmental office head before importation. This category applies to species that may pose a potential threat to the ecosystem. • Species of Potential Ecological Harm: Requires permission from the head of the local environmental office for commercial importation and notification for non-commercial importation. This category applies to species that may impact the ecosystem when used for commercial purposes. • Ecosystem Disturbance Species:
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