4.5 Arboreality Technomyrmex brunneus is basically arboreal and nests in decayed parts of standing trees, wilted branches, and tree hollows (Terayama et al., 2021a). Additionally, it uses dead plants on the ground, such as stumps, decayed wood, fallen branches and dead bamboo, as nesting sites. Once a nesting site is filled with individuals, a part of the colony moves to an available nesting site nearby. The colony expands frequently by this colony budding, driven by the high internal growth rate. In residential areas, T. brunneus can find various suitable nesting sites for colony budding such as potted plants, wood boards, cracks and crevices in walls, and electronic equipment. 4.6 Absence of Trophallaxis In contrast to common ant species, T. brunneus does not undertake trophallaxis for sharing foods among colony members. Instead, transfer of nutrients is done exclusively via trophic eggs, i.e., soft eggs which are produced by workers and queens for food and are not viable (Yamauchi et al., 1991). This includes not only from worker to worker and worker to queen but also from worker to larva. This characteristic raises a serious problem in the control of T. brunneus. Insecticidal baits are commonly used to control ants, and they exploit trophallaxis to transfer the insecticide to the whole colony, including the brood and queens, and kill them all. However, transfer of insecticides via trophallaxis cannot be expected in T. brunneus, and insecticidal baits might not provide perfect control. In fact, we previously conducted a that insecticidal baits had a limited horizontal transfer effect on T. brunneus (Sunamura et al., 2022). 5.1 Low Insecticide Susceptibility Technomyrmex brunneus Regarding 137 is less susceptible to insecticides than other ant species such as L. humile. Sufficient mortality is not obtained by insecticides such as fipronil and boric acid at concentrations commonly included in commercial ant baits (Sunamura et al., 2022). However, a neonicotinoid thiamethoxam provides high mortality but is still slow-acting at 10 ppm–100 ppm. Dinotefuran and imidacloprid, which are other neonicotinoid compounds, are also effective but provide lower mortality or act faster. thiamethoxam and difficilis, imidacloprid are more effective than fipronil and boric acid (Warner & Scheffrahn, 2005). This is similar to but somewhat different Insecticide susceptibility can differ considerably among ant species (Buczkowski, 2021) and even differ between congeneric species like Technomyrmex. White-footed ant biology and management itself Technomyrmex brunneus occurs frequently along forest edges and human-managed forest roads on Okinawa and Hachijo islands (Ogura et al., 2017; Shimoji et al., 2022; Terayama et al., 2022; Kobayashi et al., 2024b). Additionally, it is the dominant species in the mangrove forests of Okinawa and Amami islands, where ant nesting and foraging sites are frequently disturbed by tidal waves (Terayama, 1989). Furthermore, T. brunneus obviously dwells in and around residences with garden trees on Hachijo Island, while it is less established in deep forests (Ogura et al., 2017). These situations suggest that T. brunneus is adapted to disturbed environments and thus can easily invade and cause problems in human living spaces. On the other hand, T. brunneus has also invaded deep into the forests of Amami and Ogasawara islands (Yamane & Fukumoto, 2017; Yamamuro et al., 2020; Terayama et al., 2021a). On Amami-Oshima island, for example, T. brunneus occurs not only along forest roads and open gaps but also in deep forests with closed canopies (Yamamuro et al., 2020). It is abundant along relatively dry chines but also present along mountain streams. Invasion into deep forests has also been reported from a secondary forest in Kagoshima Prefecture (Yamane & Fukumoto, 2017). These records suggest that T. brunneus readily establishes in disturbed environments such as ports and urban areas, and uses them as a gateway to invade further into forests (Kobayashi et al., 2024b). Liquid foods, such as honeydew secreted by hemipteran insects and plant nectar, are apparently the main diet of T. brunneus (Fig. 1). Other than hemipteran insects, aggregations of T. brunneus around larvae of lycaenid butterflies has been reported for Nacaduba kurava of Cape Sata, and Jamides bochus of Yakushima Island in Kagoshima Prefecture (Fukuda, 1954; Matsuoka, 1976). Consistent with these observations, previous field bait choice tests on Hachijo Island showed that T. brunneus was attracted much more to sugar water than granular or paste-type ant baits (Terayama et al., 2021b). However, T. brunneus was also attracted to the dead bodies of insects and other small animals on Hachijo and Ogasawara islands (Terayama et al., 2021a). This shows that T. brunneus workers bring back not only liquid foods but also solid foods to their nests. recover rapidly via ant movement from the surrounding intact nests. For example, if T. brunneus nests on the premises of a residence were eliminated by using insecticides, ants of the same supercolony would move from the neighboring residence into the vacant nesting sites and the ant population would recover in time. 4.3 Pre-adaptation to Disturbed Habitat 4.4 Diet laboratory experiment and found insecticide T. from T. brunneus. 5. Control of T. brunneus
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