----5(58.3)3(12.5)------2(8.7)--------1(11.1)1(11.1)----------2(25.0)2(25.0)--------7(53.8)1(7.7)--------1(16.7)----------2(6.5)10(32.3)------3(42.9)4(57.1)--------2(14.2)4(28.6)2(14.3)--------------------1(0.3)--------4(100.0)------5(1.9)10259--5241(4.2)14(4.2)------21(91.3)--223--5(55.6)--2(22.2)49--483(37.5)1(12.5)----5(38.5)----313--364(66.7)1(16.7)--3(9.7)--12(38.7)3(9.7)631--------27--3333(9.1)--1(3.0)--5141(7.1)4(28.6)----------00--------23----2(4.3)--347--------337--------14Table 4 Ant species, individual counts and percentages collected in November 2022 in the eastern part of Nanko Port (375 ha), Osaka, Japan. The survey area was divided into 15 grids, and data were collected using the time-unit sampling method (Nakajima et al., 2013) for 15 minutes per grid. Population data are shown for each grid. 129 (Ministry of Distribution and population of the browsing ant in Osaka subfamilies (Table 4). The browsing ant was observed with 35, 37 and 29 individuals on the southeastern grids, No. 2, 3, 17, respectively (Fig. 3). In addition to ant species discovered in the above-mentioned monitoring survey, two species, Ochetelus glaber and P. indica were observed (Table 4). At Nanko Port in Osaka, the browsing ant comprised 77 to 100 percent of the ant population on Route A from September 2021 to January 2023, with its workers remaining active even during the winter months when no other ant species were observed. Since the Argentine ant is also known to exhibit a dominant distribution in areas it invades and remains active during winter (Fowler et al., 1990; Holway et al., 2002), both species are considered to share similar traits. Most native ant species in Japan are reported to enter diapause for several months in their nests as temperatures decrease (Touyama et al., 2004). In fact, no ants were observed on Route B in January 2023. The Argentine ant is known to remain active during winter as long as the surface temperature exceeds 10°C (Markin, 1970; Touyama et al., 2004; Abril et al. 2014; Thompson, 2019). In Osaka City, the highest temperatures ranged from 2.9°C to 19.0°C in January 2021, 5.3°C to 13.9°C in January 2022, and 3.5°C to 15.5°C in January 2023. There were 11 days in January 2021, 10 days in January 2022, the highest and 17 days temperature exceeded 10°C (Japan Meteorological Agency, 2024). Based on the highest temperatures during the coldest month in Osaka City, it is likely that the browsing ant can remain active if the temperature exceeds 10°C, allowing it to continue being active without entering winter diapause. This agrees with a report that the activity of the ant decreases below 15°C (Terayama, 2017). Moreover, this characteristic likely provides the in January 2023 when 1234567-9 35(94.6)1(2.7)1(2.7)----37(78.7)--------8.0(17.0)2.0(0.7)browsing ant with a competitive advantage over other species in Japan. In Japan, Argentine ants are known to relocate their colonies to sunny, warm locations during winter to escape lower temperatures (Touyama et al., 2004; Ministry of the Environment of Japan, 2020). Ministry of the Environment of Japan (2020) proposed a control method involving identification of these winter habitats and application of insecticidal sprays containing fipronil. A similar winter control strategy, using chemical treatments targeting their winter habitats, is likely to be effective against Le. frauenfeldi. In this study, no ant species other than Le. frauenfeldi was observed on either Route A or B in January 2023. Temperate ant species are known to undergo winter diapause to survive cold temperatures insecticide (Kipyatkov, 2001). Winter control during the inactive period of native ant species is considered an effective strategy against non-dormant invasive ant species. Our survey of seasonal population changes at Nanko Port firstly showed that the number of the browsing ant individuals increased from March to May, peaking in June before declining. In contrast, the Argentine ant reached its peak in queen emergence in June, with the largest colony size occurring in September to October (Tatsuki, 2014). Although the browsing ant and the Argentine ant share common traits of dominant distribution and winter activity in areas they invade, this study has revealed that their peak population times differ: the browsing ant peaks in June, while the Argentine ant peaks in October. In Japan, it has been demonstrated that chemical control of the Argentine ant from spring to early summer, before the emergence of the reproductive castes, can suppress the subsequent population Environment, 2013; Tatsuki, 2014). In this study, we did not identify the timing of the emergence of the browsing ant’s reproductive castes, but we found that the number of individuals was highest in June. Multiple queens and increases 4. Discussion TotalcountJapanese nameヤヤママアアリリ亜亜科科101(39.0)2(0,7)30(11.6)25(9.7)2(0,7)ハヤトゲフシアリウメマツオオアリクロヤマアリケブカアメイロアリアメイロアリカカタタアアリリ亜亜科科ルリアリ12(4.6)トビイロシワアリ15(5.8)フフタタフフシシアアリリ亜亜科科30(11.6)36(13.9)オオズアリインドオオズアリハハリリアアリリ亜亜科科オオハリアリSpeciesFormicaneLepisiota frauenfeldiCamponotus vitiosusFormica japonica Paratrechina amiaNylanderia flavipesDolichoderinaeOchetellus glaberMyrimicinaeTetramorium tsushimaePheidole nodusPheidole indicaPonerinaeBrachyponera chinensisSpecies richnessTotal countGrid No.81029(87.9)--------1.0(3.2)11121314151.0-
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