fo.oNlatnemebutirepxeniAFIR H. SAKAMOTO and Y. HASHIMOTO excessive to from Fig. 1 Repellent effects of mAITC on RIFA. Modified from Hashimoto et al., 2019. preventing by mAITC While AITC is known to act as a strong repellent of various arthropods (Du et al., 2020: Mansour et al., 2012; Worfel et al., 1997; Wu et al., 2014; Zanada & Ferris, 2003), it had not been determined whether mAITC would exhibit sufficient repellent effects against RIFA directly. Therefore, we first experimentally tested the repellent activity of mAITC against RIFA on populations established in Taiwan (Hashimoto et al., 2019). Repellent experiments were conducted using 50 mL centrifuge tubes with a 5 mm diameter hole in the lid, allowing RIFA-workers to pass through. The centrifuge tubes were placed in a RIFA foraging area and filled with bait made from a plant oil attractive to RIFA workers. During the experiments. the field temperature and relative humidity were about 28℃ and 65%, respectively. We wrapped the bait with sheet-formulated microencapsulated AITC (WASABI-Sheet) in 10 tubes. Additionally, we prepared 10 control tubes without the WASABI-Sheet. After comparing the number of RIFA inside the tubes after 40 minutes, an average of 157±44.59 RIFA workers were found in the tubes without the WASABI-Sheet, whereas not a single RIFA worker was observed in the control tubes (Fig. 1). These results, which showed that mAITC inhibited RIFA workers from gathering around the bait inside the tubes, demonstrate that mAITC has a strong repellent effect on RIFA. However, it is important to consider that these results were obtained within nearly sealed centrifuge tubes. 2.2 Verification of the RIFA Fumigation Effect of mAITC Fumigation of sea containers using chemicals is one of the most effective measures to prevent the introduction of invasive alien species that have entered the containers. AITC is also used as a strong fumigant for pest control because it is safe for humans and has no adverse impact on the environment (Tsao et al., 2002; Worfel et al., 1997; Wu et al., 2009). Furthermore, the lethal effect of high concentrations of AITC on RIFA has been recently confirmed through laboratory experiments (Du et al., 2020). Therefore, we the feasibility of investigated fumigating cargo inside containers with mAITC under conditions that closely simulated real transportation. Most of the cargo transported by container ships is packaged in cardboard boxes. Cardboard boxes are widely used because they are inexpensive, but cardboard boxes are also made from recycled paper pulp, which makes them highly permeable. After that, we experimentally confirmed the fumigation effectiveness of mAITC on RIFA workers that had infiltrated cardboard boxes (Hashimoto et al., 2020). We placed one 50 ml vial containing 10 RIFA workers inside a cardboard box, sealing the vial with a mesh lid that prevented the ants ControlwithmAITC110 technologies to prevent the introduction of alien species, particularly RIFA. To achieve this purpose, we focused on isothiocyanate (AITC), a chemical compound allyl derived from wasabi (Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.). AITC is known as a strong repellent for a wide range of organisms, including terrestrial arthropods, nematodes and pathogenic microorganisms (Dhingra et al., 2004; Park et al., 2000; Wu et al., 2014; Zanada & Ferris, 2003). On the other hand, AITC is a liquid at room temperature, highly volatile and difficult to handle, limiting its applications. To overcome this limitation, a technology has recently been developed to encapsulate AITC in microcapsules made of polyethylene resin (PATENT no. JP5033232B, WasaP TM). This microencapsulation technology enables sustained-release of AITC through the semi-permeable capsule membrane, which can decrease irritancy release. Microencapsulated AITC (mAITC) continuously releases AITC into the environment while suppressing excessive release of AITC, and by reducing irritation to the human body, it significantly expands the range of its potential applications. Furthermore, mAITC has the advantage of being easily processed due the properties of polyethylene resin. Leveraging this characteristic, mAITC has been developed in the form of pellets and sheets as a small-scale repellent. We have progressed experimentation to actual container-level verification of RIFA repellent transport using mAITC. This review introduces those efforts. 2.1 Verification of the RIFA-Repellent Effect of 2. Establishing mAITC to Prevent Solenopsis Invicta
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