86 management policies for obsolete products are developed on the basis of estimated waste volume (Kumar et al., 2017), in developing countries be estimated and that projections be made for the future. it is important While the demand for various types of products has increased, the global increase in road transportation has led to a massive demand for on-road vehicles. Along with the increase in demand for road transportation, the number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), including cars and motorcycles, is expected to increase continuously. The number of ELVs generated in a number of countries has been estimated, with studies published for China (Hu and Kurasaka 2013), Japan (Tasaki et al., 2001), Belgium (Inghels et al., 2016), and Taiwan (Lin et al., 2018). Collecting data for ELVs is relatively easy in developed countries because the number of ELVs is rigorously managed by vehicle registration systems (Yano et al., 2014). On the other hand, in many developing countries, ELVs are not properly managed due to inadequate it challenging to monitor the number of ELVs (Duc et al., 2013). Given that the demand for vehicles is expected to increase and appropriate recycling systems and strategies have yet to be well established, estimating the number of ELVs is important in developing countries. Kurogi et al. (2021) focused on the case in Vietnam, although their study did not estimate the number of ELVs considering that the on-road vehicles had been already used for some years in their country of origin. registration Particularly in Asian developing countries such as Cambodia, is extremely high for a number of types of vehicles (Truong & Ngoc, 2020). In this study, “two-wheelers” are defined as two-wheeled vehicles powered by a motor with no pedals. Cambodia is known to have started importing used products like second-hand two-wheelers and engines a few decades ago (Chanthy & Vilas, 2011). According to BMI Research, from January to June 2020, Cambodia imported 180,590 two-wheelers worth $99 million (B2B CAMBODIA, 2020). Because the two-wheelers had already been used for some years in their country of origin, the practical lifespans of these newly reused two-wheelers in Cambodia were considerably shorter than those of new two-wheelers. Therefore, it is of interest to the authors the number of obsolete two-wheelers in Cambodia by considering their second and third owners. the penetration rate of to estimate Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the number of obsolete two-wheelers in Cambodia during the period 2010–2040 and design an appropriate management plan for obsolete two-wheelers generated in Cambodia. This study is structured as follows: In Chapter 2, the methodology is presented for analyzing the lifespan of two-wheelers domestically produced in Cambodia and imported from other countries and estimating the number the waste volumes that systems, which makes two-wheelers G. MURAKAMI et al. this study, data on lifespan product lifespan” for both in Cambodia imported using and new 2.1 Flow of Two-wheelers to Cambodia from Other Countries in Southeast Asia It is necessary to grasp the flow of two-wheelers used in other countries and exported to Cambodia as used products. In the number of two-wheelers imported to Cambodia were taken from UN Comtrade (United Nations International, n.d.). UN Comtrade is an official repository of international trade statistics.The flow of two-wheelers registered in UN Comtrade covers both new and used two-wheelers with no distinction made between them. This study used data on their import to Cambodia from other countries in Southeast Asia from 2000 to 2019. 2.2 Lifespan Estimation 2.2.1 Definitions of two-wheelers discarded among obsolete two-wheelers in Cambodia. Chapter 3 focuses on the number of obsolete two-wheelers for the period 2010–2040 in Cambodia, based on three scenarios. The appropriate treatment of obsolete two-wheelers in Cambodia from the perspective of intermediate treatment and final recycling is discussed in Chapter 4. Finally, this study is concluded in Chapter 5. 2. Methodology The definition of product lifespan varies in the literature depending on the system employed in the research (Oguchi et al., 2010). Murakami et al. (2010) summarized different terminologies. This study applied two terminologies relevant to product lifespan. The first terminology is “domestic two-wheelers produced service domestically imported two-wheelers. The domestic service lifespan was defined as the duration of time from the point when the owner is first in possession of the two-wheeler until the moment it is discarded by its final owner and is channeled for treatment and recycling. The second terminology is “extended service lifespan.” This is used to refer to two-wheelers from other countries. The extended service lifespan is defined as the duration from the point when the 2nd owner or 3rd owner is first in possession in Cambodia until the moment when it is discarded by the final owner and is channeled for treatment and recycling. According to Tasaki, these definitions are effective for predicting the number of obsolete products and developing an appropriate management strategy for waste (Tasaki, 2006). The concept of a domestic service lifespan has often been used in earlier studies to estimate the number of obsolete products (e.g., Nguyen et al., 2009; Nguyen et al., 2017).
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