households were selected from a rural area (Dong Anh District) (Fig. 1). In Long An, three households were selected from Tan An City, the provincial capital, and the remaining 12 households were selected from Thanh Hoa District, which has a town area (six households) as well as rural areas that are characterized by a mix of Melaleuca tree plantations and other agricultural activities (six households). We conducted face-to-face interviews based on a questionnaire that comprised items similar to those used in our previous work in Chiang Rai, Thailand (Yoshida et al., 2020). The questions were asked and then answered in Vietnamese by the head of each household or their family members. These responses were translated immediately into English by an attending interpreter. The survey consisted of six parts: household attributes, ownership of electric appliances, use of ACs, knowledge and intention to save electricity, information related to the purchase of electric appliances, and future purchasing and lifestyle prospects. The basic specifications of the household electrical appliances, including the manufacturer’s name, model, year of manufacture and power consumption, were identified by inspection of the product labels or by observation of the product’s appearance. The layout of each residence was recorded through photographs and hand drawings. The residential floor space was measured in all households in Long An, but only three households in Hanoi due to time constraints or the respondents’ refusing permission. From 10 households in Hanoi and 11 Household Survey on Air Conditioner Use and Energy Consumption in Vietnam Fig. 1 Study areas in Hanoi (left) and Long An (right). households in Long An, monthly electricity bills (from one to six months) were also obtained. Each household visit took 1–1.5 hours. Tables 1 and 2 present summaries of the households that were visited. six three-generation households (40.0%), four couples or single parents with child(ren) (26.7%), three elderly couples (20.0%), one single-person household (6.7%), and one other (6.7%). In Long An, there were six couples or two three-generation households (13.3%), two elderly couples (13.3%), one single-person household (6.7%), and four others (26.7%). The “other” category was large in Long An because there many more households in which the respondents were living with a brother/sister or other relatives. The average number of household members was 4.4 in Hanoi and 5.1 in Long An. single parents with child(ren) In Hanoi, there were three high-income households, four middle-income households and two low-income households in the urban area and two high-income households, three middle-income households and one low-income household in the rural areas. In Long An, four there were middle-income households low-income households in the urban areas and two high-income households, two middle-income households and two low-income households in the rural areas. In Hanoi, high-income and two there were (40.0%), households, three 77 2.2 Household Interviews 3. Results 3.1 Respondent Characteristics
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