Practical application of product development approaches have been carried out that consider local culture, geography, climate, geopolitics, history and educational practices. A popular “market-in” approach is field observation, in which a skilled local observer or analyst identifies a gap in the market in terms of price, infrastructure, required performance or user education level. Because field observation is independent of other techniques, to product development in an emerging or developing country, although it is relatively expensive. Field observation is a basic element of locally-oriented product design. For example, one study has reported on observation of cultural contexts (Spencer et al., 2015). However, the success of field observation depends on the person who analyzes the cultural contexts. The proposed framework for locally-oriented product design is shown in Fig. 1. In this study, the product design process comprises two processes: (1) problem recognition and ideation and (2) evaluation of design solutions. EFSM, MP environments and the SD method are applied to 44 industrial products in daily life, we proposed a framework based on the living-sphere approach (Kobayashi & Fukushige, 2018). An important aim of this approach is to realize satisfaction of basic human needs totally by products within the living sphere in order to design a locally-oriented integrated framework of this approach consists of a universal human needs framework, as proposed by Max-Neef (Max-Neef, 1991), as well as the general concepts used in engineering design (Pahl & Beitz 1988). A key element of this needs matrix is the “satisfier,” which refers to a quality which satisfies basic human needs that are expressed in the natural al., 2019). A mixed-prototyping (MP) environment was established and applied based on the living-sphere approach to evaluate new ideas of locally-oriented design (Kano, et al., 2019). However, the EFSM and MP system have not yet been applied systematically. sustainable product. An (Kobayashi, language The objective of this paper is to propose a framework for designing locally-oriented products through use of EFSM and MP environments. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Related works are summarized in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, a framework using EFSM and an MP environment is proposed. An applied example is described in Chapter 4, and its importance and remaining issues are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 concludes the paper. it can be easily applied To determine specific preferences of a product user, personas are applied in product development (Pruitt & Grudin, 2003). Each persona has a gender, age, race, ethnic, family and socio-economic background. It is effective right persona while considering appropriate regional characteristics. Cultural context, however, not only consists of the traits or behaviors of individuals but is also found in and through the everyday activities of the population as a whole (Lee, 2012). Thus, methods centered on individual, for establishing et the the H. KOBAYASHI et al. including personas, carry the risk of overlooking invisible and implicit cultural values, thus providing incomplete and/or incorrect information to the designer. Co-design is regarded as a collaborative process between engineers and people in the local community. In a co-design approach, a workshop is held at each project milestone. A gatekeeper at each workshop plays the important role of connecting local residents with engineers (Sianipar et al., 2013). The quality of the design depends on the gatekeeper. A problem encountered in co-design is the difficulty of sharing information among project members, which can result in gaps in understanding. Design evaluation is also an important process in product development. In terms of regional or cultural product design, most studies have applied a questionnaire approach (Hsu et al., 2013; Ghazali et al., 2018). Subjective evaluation using the semantic differential (SD) method (Osgood et al., 1957) is also applicable to cultural design. Principles for design in the developing world are useful in design review, but they are empirical and ad-hoc (Mattson & Wood, 2014). In past decades, various collaborative software applications based on virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have been developed to connect people and share design information in an immersive virtual environment (IVE) (Ong & Shen, 2009). Such VR- and AR-based applications for design review focus mainly on a target product designed with geometric modeling functions based on three-dimensional computer-aided design (3D-CAD) platforms (Feeman et al., 2018). To review the design of industrial products, it is desirable to approximate the IVE to an actual space in which the designed products will be used. This enables experience with product-use cases in a variety of situations in their actual environment, and enables the designer to validate the functionality and visual harmony of the design with other products in the space. For this purpose, MP is an emerging approach in usability testing in a multimodal environment and is able to involve sight, hearing and touch in an IVE. This technology augments reality and the ability to analyze the inter-relationships between the physical form and behavior of industrial products (Bruno et al., 2010; Barbieri et al., 2013). In summary, it would be desirable to have a holistic local framework contextual the design and evaluation of locally-oriented products. However, such a framework has yet to be established. to collect and apply regional or information to facilitate 2. Related Works 3. Framework
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