relationships between CP patterns and SCP policy as shown in Fig. 1. It is based on two types of questions about what the attitudes-facilitators-infrastructure (AFI) framework for SCP (Vergragt et al., 2014); five components of CP patterns (production, provision, consumption, products and services; Tasaki et al., 2021); and a policy cycle model (Cairney, 2012). This model shows the four constituent parts of CP patterns and SCP policy: CP preferences, CP enablers, policy needs and policy preferences. 36 Table 5 Local/regional characteristics presented at the two workshops on SCP patterns in Southeast Asia. Culture/custom (37%) Industry (21%) Infrastructure (18%) Climate/Nature (9%) Public policy (8%) Category* Main identifier** Insider (+6%) Insider (+8%) Outsider (+11%) Outsider (+8%) Insider (+9%) Working (7%) Commodity prices (6%) Economic growth (5%) Technology (4%) Human resources (4%) Demography (4%) Pollution and safety (3%) Politics and society (2%) Sanitation (2%) * The percentages indicate frequency among all local characteristics raised at the two workshops (Tasaki et al., 2021). ** This column indicates the main group identifying the local characteristics. Insider and outsider refer to local and non-local people, respectively. The Outsider (+8%) Insider (+9%) percentage values in parentheses indicate differences in the frequency rate between the two workshops in Thailand and Japan (no insiders attended the one in Japan); only differences >5% are shown. and how, with CP preferences are influenced by local/regional characteristics. For example, family styles, such as extended (large) families and two-income families, allow Role of wife as “good cook, good housekeeper”; Relaxed (flexible) attitude about time; Easy going; Dangerous driving behavior; Set temperature of air conditioners too low (e.g., 18°C); Service mind (“Siam Smile”); Care about their social image; Buddhist spirits; Less walking; People value face-to-face communication; Cars as status symbol; Culture of eating-out, even for breakfast; Chili fish sauce Traditional, no meal delivery system; Non-material consumption (massage etc.); All variety of foods available; Street food available 24 hours; Too many food stalls; Informal transport sector; High-value-added brand bicycles Greener transport; Easy access to food and free Wi-Fi; 5G (telecommunication); High CO2 intensity of electricity; Bad pavement conditions; Narrow roads; Comfortable public space (green space); Conventional well-ventilated houses; Traffic congestion; Power shortage; No parking spaces for bicycles on sidewalk Hot weather; High humidity; Heat island effect; Existence of rainy season; Abundant tropical food No license needed to become a housekeeper; No strict law enforcement; Plastic bags/containers not allowed in national parks Immigrants and unregistered workforce; Working support services (co-working spaces, free Wi-Fi, childcare); Inflexible working rules; Commuting time Cheap street food for low-income people; Relatively low cost of living; Electricity cost Increasing wealth; Increases in ownership of electronic equipment; Expansion of urban areas; Income gap Undergoing innovation; Improvement in automatic translation; Use of chemical substances; Adoption of new technologies Lack of education; Digital literacy; Lack of knowledge about specific topics Population; Population density; Increasing immigrant population; Many white-collar/high-income workers Emissions from fuel combustion (e.g., PM2.5); Air pollution from outdoor cooking; Cost considered over environment Trust among neighbors; Resistance from individuals to change; Communist government Some street venders are not safe or clean; Food safety (diarrhea) reference T. TASAKI and M. KOJIMA Examples family members to have different consumption patterns of eating (cooking or dining out) and purchasing (more or less). People’s mindsets and materialistic/post-materialistic values also drive them to different consumption patterns. In Thailand, the former King, Bhumibol Adulyadej, advocated the idea of a “sufficiency economy” in which sufficiency meant a middle way—not too little and not too much—implying both self-reliance and frugality (Millet, 2011; Merle et al., 2017). to Climate and nature influence CP patterns. Southeast Asia has a hot, humid climate (the monthly average highest temperature is above 30°C all year), and it influences regional cuisine, for example, through the use of various spices, fish sources and aromatic ingredients even and though Existence and non-existence of certain industries, including their functions in society Quantity and quality of infrastructure Climate conditions and their service functions Existence and non-existence of certain policies as well as their effectiveness Working and non-working conditions Low prices and low incomes Growth itself and its consequences Existence and social acceptance Knowledge level and abilities of people and workers Population and class changesState of pollution and control; people’s attitudes Government and governance Protection against viruses and bacteria about food preservation satisfaction technology Main focus Actual behaviors and perceptions 3.1 CP-related Local/Regional Characteristics
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