Table 4 Governance indicators of Southeast Asian countries from 2017 to 2019. accountability indicator, which indicates participation in selecting the government, freedom of expression and association, and a free media, is notably low (−0.67). The authoritarian culture of Southeast Asia is reflected in this indicator. The other five indicators range from positive to negative and do not show a large general deviation from the world average. Our factor analysis showed these five indicators form a different factor from the voice and accountability indicator, and have strong correlations with each other (correlation coefficients of greater than 0.9, except for political stability, whose coefficients are 0.69–0.76). Data retrieved from World Bank (2020); three-year averages were calculated. The global average is zero. Values in parentheses next to the two factors indicate eigenvalues. East Asian countries are presented at the bottom as reference. Influencing CP patterns The previous sections highlighted many points of view about general cultural, geographical and other differences. In this section, we review the results of two workshops local characteristics that are directly linked to CP patterns. Tasaki et al. (2021) held two workshops to discuss SCP patterns in Southeast Asia and obtained 170 local characteristics that could affect SCP patterns of six activity domains: cooling, doing housework, eating, moving short distances, purchasing, travelling and working. Country accountability Singapore Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Thailand Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Lao PDR Myanmar Avg. Factor analysis Factor 1 (4.63) Factor 2 (1.14) Japan China Korea, Rep. showing Table 5 presents 14 categories of local characteristics. The local characteristics in each category are more specific perceptions and attitudes than those reviewed in the previous sections. Culture and customs, industry, and infrastructure were the top three major categories of local characteristics, each accounting for more than 15% of the specific groups of Regional/Local Characteristics in Southeast Asia Political stability and absence of violence/terrorismVoice and −0.14 −0.91 −0.17 −0.96 0.16 0.05 −1.41 −1.76 −0.86 −0.67 0.16 0.92 0.99 −1.52 0.77 1.55 1.19 0.16 −0.69 −0.51 −1.05 0.18 0.45 −1.20 0.01 0.88−0.311.63 0.47 1.21 Worldwide Governance Indicators (−2.5 to +2.5) Government effectiveness 2.22 1.24 0.97 0.36 0.13 0.02 0.02 −0.61 −1.09 0.36 0.940.281.35 −0.19 1.09 170 local characteristics, followed by climate and nature. It would be difficult to identify cultural characteristics without extensive local knowledge. The same is true of local industry. Even if outsiders (non-local people) can observe the existence of industries directly linked to consumption and production, it would be difficult for them to identify the industries’ functions in a society. In contrast, outsiders may be better able to identify some areas, for example, infrastructure, climate/nature and economic growth. These may be taken for granted by insiders (local people) and be relatively difficult for them to become aware of. Both views—internal and external—are required to gain a precise understanding of local characteristics. Regulatory Rule of law quality 2.13 0.68 0.68 0.12 −0.11 −0.01 −0.34 −0.74 −0.78 0.18 1.85 0.63 0.54 0.06 −0.33 −0.46 0.02 −0.89 −1.01 0.04 0.96 0.22 1.47 −0.29 0.61 0.920.381.55 −0.25 1.20 two different These local interrelationships. To types of characteristics structure Control of corruption 2.16 0.77 0.20 −0.40 −0.31 −0.53 −0.53 −0.99 −0.59 −0.03 0.920.281.07 −0.25 0.47 35 2.3 Specific Groups of Local Characteristics 3. Discussion on Local Characteristics Influencing SCP Policy Based on the knowledge and insights gained from reviewing the literature and workshops, we discuss local characteristics in the context of SCP policy in this chapter. We can distinguish local characteristics. One influences CP patterns that are formed in certain countries/areas (targets of SCP policy), and the other influences the choice and implementation of SCP policy (hereafter referred to as “CP-related local characteristics” and “policy-related local characteristics,” have respectively). complicated this complexity and facilitate our understanding and discussion, we put forward a simple model of the
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