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18 include environmental management systems (EMS), and promotion of cleaner production and standards for resource efficient products, as well as criteria and standards for eco-design. For the consumption stage, they include eco-labels, awareness-raising campaigns, green procurement, incentive schemes such as deposits and refunds, differentiated VAT and charges for single-use items. The waste management and recycling stage such as extended producer includes responsibility (PAYT), municipal waste charges, awareness campaigns, landfill taxes and incineration charges for companies. Although the policy instruments mentioned here do not constitute an exhaustive list, they make up a very common framework for comprehending resource efficiency and material circulation policy areas and perceiving any potential intervention points. SCP policy interventions described above. instruments (EPR), Figure 2 presents an image of the lifecycle-based The lifecycle approach, however, tends to be more effective in considering policy interventions for individual products, services or material streams such as packaging, automobiles, electric and electronic products, food and so on. In addition, since it focuses on product life cycles, it tends to play down the role of consumption as a driving force for product and service systems as opposed to consumption as representing one stage of a whole system. In this context, the growing popularity of circular economy policies is both an advanced version and a close relative of concepts focusing on product and material life cycles, particularly those focusing on environmentally sound management and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) of end-of-life products. This emerging policy concept puts more emphasis on less dependency on primary material consumption, wider use of secondary material cycles and development of new circular business models. In this concept, the specific instruments towards sustainability are not limited to increasing material efficiency of products. Rather, the concept focuses on the pay-as-you-throw Fig. 2 SCP policy design based on a life-cycle perspective. Y. HOTTA et al. transition to much broader systems including business models and infrastructure. The utilization of information and communication technology (ICT), entrepreneurship and innovation to enable the transition is also part of this concept. to realize The life-cycle approach of policy intervention does not explicitly involve policy design for socio-technical system changes, even those related to institutional reform, infrastructure transformation, innovation, new business models and lifestyle change. It also underplays the role of consumption as a driving force of consumption and production systems. Thus, it is vital to consider ways 1) to envision future directions based on ambitious middle- and long-term goals for socio-technical change, 2) to conduct social experimentation on new SCP patterns to examine their pros and cons, 3) to monitor the progress of sustainability transition, including development of indicators, and 4) to provide incentives to new business and service models to sustain such socio-technical infrastructure. These are intervention points of an updated SCP approach in a SCP value-creation model. transitions technological and 4. Envisioning-based Policymaking as a Policy Approach in the SCP3.0 Era To achieve ambitious medium- to long-term goals such as the Paris Agreement (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015), SDGs (United Nations General Assembly, 2015), and Osaka Blue Ocean Vision (G20, 2019) related to SCP, fundamental changes in socio-economic structure, including business models and lifestyles, are required. In other words, the policy goal in socio-technical systems, is including innovation lifestyle innovation. In this way, to achieve the medium- to long-term goals, it is important to share a vision of embodying the society we should aim for and to accumulate evidence.

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