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columns, emphasizes socio-technical change to achieve fundamental reductions in unsustainable consumption of materials and energy while maintaining or increasing the welfare and well-being of society as a whole. The “circular the transformation of consumption and production systems that depend on natural to conventional recycling, and emphasizes technological innovation and the fostering of new businesses. The circular economy, along with decarbonization, has come to be seen as the gateway to conversion to SCP by economies dependent on non-renewable resources. As discussed in the introduction, since the 1990s, the most influential SCP policy approach can be said to be a life-cycle-based efficiency approach (SCP 2.0). Policy design for SCP 2.0 requires comprehending SCP from the perspective of a product’s life cycle, focusing on material destiny from upstream to downstream. Fig. 1 Shift in policy tools and approaches for SCP. economy” Therefore, the policy domain for SCP 3.0 as a circular economy may include 1-1) promotion of design for the environment, and repair and refurbishment for production and distribution, 1-2) promotion of reuse and waste reduction for waste management and recycling, 2-1) promotion of sharing and servisizing for lifestyle change, and 2-2) digitalization such as in utilization of social media, IoT, big data and other digital media and information as part of infrastructure development to minimize in realizing a circular economy. transaction costs Furthermore, the policy domain for SCP 3.0 as “one-planet living” or socio-technical system change is an emerging area which needs envisioning and social experimentation lifestyles, infrastructure and business models. Potential key concepts for SCP3.0 may include reconsideration of product ownership, dematerialization, attention to local needs, service use, decentralization and multi-functional online platforms. for provision, To reflect economic and social conditions, SCP policy needs to be customized through multi-stakeholder collaboration to incorporate various SCP menus such as sound treatment, recycling, sharing and multi-functional AI-linked online platforms, which are shown in each circle in Fig. 1. SCP Policy Design for Socio-technical System Change emphasizes concept in addition resources designing new sustainable resource The combination of policy menus for achieving a specific policy goal does not have to be uniform, and the effect of SCP policy can be achieved by flexibly and strategically combining them according to each country’s industrial, consumption, urban and other structures. Developed countries have generally responded to the gradual shift from pollution control to efficiency and sufficiency approaches, but in rapidly growing developing countries, simultaneous implementation of SCP1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 will be required. Life-cycle thinking for policy intervention usually focuses on the different stages of the life cycle of products and materials in addition to preventing pollution caused by dumping, leakages and emissions from industrial production. Basically, it looks to divide the life cycle of resource extraction, products and materials production/manufacturing, distribution, consumption, recycling and waste management. Life-cycle thinking for policy intervention usually places policies regulating environmental impacts in each lifecycle environmental externalities in each lifecycle stage or in combinations of different lifecycle stages (Aoki-Suzuki, 2015; Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2010). For example, some well-discussed policy instruments at the resource extraction stage are the pricing of excessive material extraction, including material resource extraction charges, taxes on raw materials, and aggregate levies (Aoki-Suzuki, 2015). For the production stage, policy instruments into or stage, incorporates 17 3. Life-cycle Approach in the SCP 2.0 Era

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