Illustrating the situation through Fig. 1, this section further develops characterizations of different phases of SCP from SCP 1.0 to 3.0 as discussed by Hotta et al., 2021. Figure 1 broadly categorizes the focus of different policy domains in the following two aspects: 1) product lifecycle policy and 2) policy on changes in provision systems. Product lifecycle policy is divided further into that which addresses the upstream part of product lifecycles, i.e., 1-1) production and distribution, and that which addresses the downstream part, i.e., 1-2) wastes and recycling. Policy on changes in provision systems is divided into that which focuses on actors on the demand side, i.e., 2-1) lifestyle, and that which focuses on facilities and such, i.e., 2-2) infrastructure. Table 1 SCP 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0. long-term and middle-term sustainability goals in SCP 3.0 require future-oriented policy design going beyond conventional evidence-based policymaking. Thus, in the era of SCP 3.0, the goals and strategies of SCP policy are not limited to environmental policy areas but expanding to socio-technical system design and transition. This change in the SCP domain poses the following four challenges for policy design: (1) envisioning concrete images of a society that has successfully met its mid-term and long-term goals, (2) policy support for learning from model cases, experimental projects and new businesses to achieve a long-term and mid-term vision, (3) facilitating creative (4) examination of the social implications of innovation towards decarbonization, digitalization and transitioning to sustainable lifestyles and infrastructure. To address these challenges, the authors proposed envisioning-based policymaking (EnBPM). This new approach is defined as a policy approach for addressing “long-term policy concerns such as future visions of sustainable society, social experimentation with such societal visions before full policy implementation based on long-term goals as well as social sustainability.” It will require “a more decentralized and collaborative approach for policy design based on working together to envision and realize future directions of society among stakeholders because it puts the social appropriateness of sustainability,” unlike Evidence-based Policy Making (EBPM) (Koide et al. 2020). 16 processes importance on As the focus of SCP policy has changed and expanded in response to changes in the policy agenda, it is difficult to implement SCP policy effectively without understanding such changes and diversity. The way socio-economic development is understood has changed from referring only to economic development that can be measured by GDP to a form that emphasizes well-being, happiness and sufficiency (European Commission, 2009; Fleurbaey, 2009; Hák et al., 2012; Shrotryia & Singh, 2020; Stiglitz et al., 2018). Thus, building on the work done in Hotta et al., 2021, this paper argues for further consideration of the direction in which SCP and EnBPM have been headed as a policy design approach for the SCP 3.0 era. among stakeholders Y. HOTTA et al. and SCP 1.0, shown in the first column, aims at preventing pollution while continuing economic growth. The policy domain for SCP 1.0 includes 1-1) pollution prevention or cleaner production as an approach for production and distribution, 1-2) cleaning-up and sound management of wastes and recycling, for behavioral changes lifestyles, and 2-2) development of basic infrastructure for sanitary, healthy, and convenient lifestyles, including development of roads, cities, housing, public transport and so on. SCP 2.0, shown in the second column, aims by increasing energy and material efficiency to decouple environmental impacts caused by economic globalization, such as greenhouse gas emissions, from waste generation and economic development. As will be discussed in Section 3, SCP 2.0 focuses on a lifecycle approach to products and services aiming to improve material and energy efficiency. Thus, the policy domain for SCP 2.0 includes 1-1) improvements in the energy and material efficiency of products, 1-2) promotion of recycling at the waste management and recycling stage, 2-1) promotion of green purchasing and information tools such as eco-labels to influence consumption patterns and lifestyles, and 2-2) further promotion of smart and compact cities including public transport infrastructure. Meanwhile, SCP 3.0, shown in the two right-hand direct environmental awareness-raising 2-1) in citizens’ Well-being, Lifestyle, Socio-technical system Consensus building, Changes in lifestyles, New business modelsChanges in infrastructure, Long-term goal setting, Investment, Creating business environments, Innovating and communicatingcampaigns Approaches Cleaner production (as an intermediate Major concepts Key issues Approaches policies Installation of end of pipe technologies,Technology and management for Attitude of SCP 1.0 Pollution prevention, between SCP 1.0 and 2.0) Industrial pollution cleaner production React and cure Source: modification of Table 1 of Hotta et al., 2021. SCP 2.0 Industrial ecology, Resource efficiency, Product lifecycles Climate change, Waste, Environmental issues associated with consumptionIncreasing material and energy efficiencyAnticipate and prevent SCP 3.0 One planet living,Decarbonization, Sufficiency, Transition2. Expansion of Policy Domains for SCP
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