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6 policies have conventionally focused on pollution prevention such as cleaner production and proper treatment by introducing so-called end-of-pipe measures into industrial processes. This version of SCP policies is named SCP 1.0. In the second column, it then includes an efficiency approach for products and services shown for separating environmental loads and economic growth associated with the use of energy and resources. This version is referred to as SCP 2.0. Recently, alternative approaches beyond pollution prevention and efficiency have gained wider attention as a result of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement, which have fostered momentum toward decarbonization. This version is referred to as SCP3.0. As shown in the third column, circular economy (EC, 2015) and sharing economy (Belk et al., 2019) are contributing to the decoupling of consumption of non-renewable, natural resources from the welfare and well-being of society as a whole, and have become popular. In the meantime, societies in Asia are witnessing the emergence of innovative business models based on digitization, contributing to a substantial reduction of resource and energy use in the production process, as well as alternative models for meeting demands of the people. SCP 3.0 is thus oriented for one-planet living, employing more integrated systems thinking as shown in the third column. In SCP3.0, consumption and production are the means for prosperity and sustainability. SCP policies focus on transforming lifestyles and business models from efficiency to sufficiency, and thus contribute to human and planetary well-being. Figure 3 shows the hierarchical structure of these three versions of SCP policies. It is very important to emphasize here that SCP is not anymore limited to the environmental policy domain such as pollution control, waste management and recycling, cleaner production, eco-labelling or consumers’ awareness but has expanded to the socio-economic-technology policy domain such as infrastructure building, welfare, business development, local development and innovation. Two SCP workshops have also confirmed this point (Tasaki et al., 2021b). Fig. 3 Three versions of SCP. M. HIRAO et al. 3.2 Strengthening Linkages between Consumption and Production is a Key Emerging Movement The conventional pattern of economic development is driven by mass production and consumption. Value chains have expanded across through specialization and subdivision. Consequentially, the distance between consumers and producers has become wider. In these circumstances, improved efficiency at each point will not be enough to achieve SCP, and the linking of the subsystems of consumption and production (referred to as “CP linkage”) will play an important role. Conventional policies have tried to strengthen the CP linkage by providing better information such as through environmental footprint indicators. Alternative approaches have been introduced recently. Figure 4 shows five types of linkages for strengthening CP linkages for the case of a CP system regarded as constructed of four subsystems: processing and manufacturing (including natural resource extraction), provision, consumption, and circulation. Three of the linkages (blue, green and red) are to strengthen CP linkages between final consumption and the other three elements, and two (purple and yellow) are to strengthen the CP linkages within each consumption or production subsystem. A policy mix to achieve specific policy goals does not have to be uniform, but must be able to maximize the effects of SCP policies effectively through flexible and strategic combinations depending on industrial, consumption and urban structures of each country. Roughly speaking, developed countries have responded to changes from SCP 1.0 through SCP 2.0 to SCP 3.0 gradually. In Asian developing countries where economic growth is rapid, however, all three versions are necessary. SCP 1.0 local Asian communities, placing importance on safe local living spaces. SCP 2.0 is for global Asian exporters of products for globalized markets. Without globalized eco-commodities, the current global economy cannot be sustained. SCP 3.0 is for Asia itself, calling for a sufficient, creative and prosperous Asia in the future without compromising sustainability. The is for labelling, certification and first (green) linkage third use without ownership, the the world is feed-back from consumption to design and production which enables proper quantities to be produced and on-demand production and localized/customized production to be achieved. The second linkage (red) is circularity, and enables circular production, remanufacturing, recycling and life extension, considering lifecycle management of is products/parts/materials. The product enables implementation of product service systems, function provision, sharing, lease and servicizing. The fourth linkage (purple) is within consumption, and makes C2C sharing and reuse possible. The fifth linkage (yellow) is industrial symbiosis, in which material, by-products, linkage (blue) and

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