Sustainable agricultural to ensure Major improvements in agricultural productivity have sometimes come with social and environmental costs, including water scarcity, soil degradation, ecosystem stress, biodiversity loss, decreased fish stocks and forest cover, and higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, sustainable production and consumption of resources (SDG 12) in the agricultural sector is important to guarantee the achievement of global goals as a whole. This means that the focus should not be solely on the end goal but also on the means used to achieve it. With respect to achieving zero hunger (SDG 2) and ending poverty (SDG 1), the role of agricultural development in poverty reduction is well established in the economic literature. As most of the poor in developing countries depend heavily on agriculture, ending poverty is linked to increasing returns from agriculture. Much of the world’s agricultural production takes place on small farms; currently, 90% of 570 million farms worldwide are small and cultivated by 1.5 billion of the world’s poor (Rapsomanikis, 2015). With respect to water (SDG 6) and energy (SDG 7), water is a vital resource and a key input for agriculture. Also, largest water-consuming sector and, at the same time, a major water polluter. Global projections indicate that demand for freshwater, energy and food will significantly increase over the coming decades, mainly due to the increased pressures of population growth and mobility, economic development, urbanization, diversifying diets, cultural and technological changes, and climate change (Hoff, 2011). Climate change and its impacts on water resources and crop production are major forces the agricultural sector will have to cope with in the twenty-first century. agriculture is international Efforts to address food loss (SDG 12) and waste reduction in agriculture are seen as a means toward achieving other SDGs, including improving food security development considered the trade, C. TAKAGI et al. and nutrition (SDG 2), reducing greenhouse gas emissions (SDG 13), and lowering pressure on water and land resources (SDG 6 and SDG 15), and can increase productivity and economic growth (SDG 1 and SDG 8). Factors influencing food loss in the food supply chain include poor lack of technology; and management capacity of supply chain actors; and lack of timely access to markets after harvest (Gustavsson et al., 2011). Considerable food loss occurs in low-income countries due to the lack of proper harvesting, storage capacity, poor storage conditions and lack of capacity to transport produce to processing plants or markets immediately after harvesting (Gustavsson et al., 2011). In developing countries, lack of packaging and marketing systems (Gustavsson et al., 2011) causes food loss immediately after harvesting. This problem can be tackled by strengthening the food supply chain, by encouraging supermarkets to procure products directly from farmers. With the expansion of multibrand retail outlets in India, some cooperative retail chains and private supermarket chains have begun to source some of their fruit and vegetables from farmers via collection centers (Nuthalapati et al., 2020). However, these collection centers are limited to areas near large cities. is the management and conservation of the natural resource base and the orientation of technological change in such a manner as the attainment of continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations (FAO, 1988). Historically, agriculture has been associated with food, a point also recognized in the 2030 Agenda through ending poverty (SDG 1), ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture (SDG 2). Apart from its direct impact on hunger and malnutrition, the food system is also linked to other development-related challenges addressed in the SDGs, including poverty, water and energy use, climate change and unsustainable production and consumption. Reaching the SDG targets will not be possible without a strong and sustainable agricultural sector. A fundamental requirement for delivering sustainable food and agriculture, thus boosting their synergies with other goals, is the creation of an enabling policy environment. Sectoral ministries also need to change the way they work and coordinate policies across government. The transition to more sustainable agriculture and food systems calls for actions to build political alliances and coalitions with other multi-stakeholder partners beyond food and agriculture. Multi-stakeholder mechanisms and new forms of participatory governance structures may bolster policy ownership and at the same time help to mobilize capacities, information, technologies and access to financial and production resources (FAO, 2018). Addressing Innovation and the adoption of suitable agricultural practices are necessary in order to meet the critical challenges of climate change and sustainable development in agriculture. Certain factors both enable and facilitate infrastructure and insufficient skills, the change climate logistics; knowledge and sustainable agriculture is a governance challenge that requires multidimensional approaches involving all stakeholders. Different tiers of government need to work together toward this common goal, aligning their policies to address the challenges. The continuous involvement of non-state actors such as the private sector and communities is also required. As the issues that affect climate change and sustainable development are deeply interconnected at all levels, one-size-fits-all policies will not be effective in addressing these issues. 108 2.5 Agriculture Sector 2.5.1 The Case of the Agriculture Sector 2.5.2 Management of Interlinkages in the Agriculture Sector
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