According to the 2021 Tracking SDG 7 Report, the number of people without access to electricity dropped from 1.2 billion to 759 million between 2010 and 2019 (IEA, 2021). Increasing access to electricity and raising the share of renewable energy is central to world development. The ways energy is produced and consumed will impact the prospects for other development issues (social, economic, political and environmental). Moreover, the provision of sustainable, low-carbon energy and an increase in energy efficiency, can contribute to sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12). First, progress toward the achievement of SDG 7 can help achieve crucial progress on welfare and wellbeing. Energy plays a vital role in poverty eradication (Practical Action, 2014), with many studies showing that the provision of modern energy services (SDG 7. Target 1) to rural communities can increase economic productivity and contribute to improved household income (SDG 8), which can help reduce poverty (SDG 1) (Barnes et al., 2015; Eggoh et al., 2011). Increasing energy access can also contribute to improvement in living standards through positive impacts on basic services such as healthcare (SDG 3), education (SDG 4) and water and sanitation (SDG 6). For example, increased electrification rates in homes and schools can help with education for all (SDG 4), particularly target 4.2, which aims to ensure that all girls and boys have access to good quality education (Daka & Ballet, 2011; UNDESA, 2014). Second, there are numerous interlinkages between SDG 7 and infrastructure (both agricultural and industrial). Indeed, energy is a core component in enhancing the resilience of urban infrastructure, which means making cities safe and sustainable (SDG 11). In rural areas, using clean energy to upgrade cooking facilities can generate positive instance, increasing the global share of renewable energy (SDG 7 and Target 7.2) can eliminate associated health problems (SDG 3) arising from the use of traditional sources of energy (biomass, coal, charcoal, kerosene) that release indoor air pollution (Torres-Duque et al., 2008). Similarly, the provision of energy is essential for the operation and maintenance of food systems (SDG 2), medical facilities (SDG 3) and water treatment facilities (SDG 6) (Mushtaq et al., 2009). Improvements in energy infrastructure to power these systems cannot be achieved without access to financial tools and international cooperation (SDG 9 and SDG 17). Reliable energy systems are also important for resilient and sustainable industrialization (SDG 9). In contrast, the reconfiguration of energy systems and the use of natural resources is closely linked to sustainable consumption and production patterns (SDG 12) and, notably, the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources (Target 12.2) (Howells et al., 2013). Indeed, efforts to improve resource efficiency require more effective use of natural resources by, for example, the deployment of renewable energy and other impacts on living standards. For The Sustainable Development Goals as a Tool for Analysis energy-efficient technologies to replace fossil fuels. Such efforts can positively influence consumption patterns, resulting in responsible production and a reduction in energy-associated waste. Finally, the implementation of SDG 7 is closely related to and complementary with climate action (SDG 13), as increasing the share of renewable energy in the energy mix and enhancing end-use energy efficiency (Targets 7.2, 7.3, 7.A) are seen as vital pathways to combat global warming (Target 13.2) (IEA, International Renewable Energy Agency, United Nations Statistics Division, The World Bank, & World Health Organization, 2019). Indeed, increasing the share of low-carbon energy systems will be crucial to staying within the target of limiting warming to 1.5 to 2 degrees Celsius based on the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change. Achieving SDG 7 can also slow deforestation caused by the use of fuelwood and thus contribute positively to life on land (SDG 15) (Odihi, 2003). Sustainable access to energy services is imperative to avoid further ecosystem loss and degradation. At level, institutional relating to governance as a the promotion of faces low-carbon and efficient energy result of challenges interactions among multiple levels of government (Ahlborg, 2017). Efforts to optimize interlinkages with other SDGs can add multiple layers of complexity to existing governance modes. Policymakers need to design energy policies based on an understanding of the pathways and directions of SDG interactions, which can differ depending on contexts, resources and capabilities. It is also imperative for policymakers to design energy policies that utilize a systematic approach in coordination with different agencies (responsible for education, agriculture, forestry health, etc.) that can simultaneously advance the implementation of other development targets. Efforts to advance energy targets also need to be aligned with climate action targets. To achieve the temperature targets of the Paris Agreement, countries need to decarbonize their energy systems by increasing energy efficiency and the share of renewables. Policymakers should start from the pledged Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and make steady improvements at different stages of related policy processes. Additionally, policymakers need to design integrated policies that promote the sustainable management of natural resources (e.g., the food-energy-water nexus). The nexus approach can help planners at the national and local level to conceptualize and quantify trade-offs and synergies in order to make informed decisions. It can also help prioritize certain actions (relating to SDG targets) that connect policy processes across multiple levels, including local, national and global. resources 107 2.4.2 Management of Interlinkages in the Energy Sector the
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