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106 SDG 1 is closely linked to housing issues, as trends indicate that with humanity becoming increasingly urban, poverty is becoming increasingly urban as well and is often represented by a rise in numbers of slum dwellers in cities who lack access to basic services and adequate housing. It also covers land tenure security, which is critical in housing provision and basic services. Housing security also offers a foundation for access to primary means of economic production. SDG 3 on good health and wellbeing is extensively interlinked with housing, as health is often affected by the place of residence. Housing quality plays a decisive role in the health status of residents. Many health problems are either directly or indirectly related to housing quality due to factors such as construction materials used, equipment installed and the individual dwellings’ size or design (Bonnefoy, 2007). Adequate, safe, and affordable housing equipped with access to basic services can help reduce communicable diseases and limit environmental hazards such as water and waste pollution, contributing to better health. Housing located accessibly to education facilities helps to achieve SDG 4. In turn, attaining SDG 4 can contribute to making cities inclusive and sustainable (SDG 11). Vulnerable groups such as slum dwellers often face difficulties in accessing education. Education may help these groups obtain adequate skills and decent jobs, which is critical in achieving SDG 8 on decent work and economic growth. In many cases, such as in Mumbai, when educational facilities are available in slum areas, they are often limited to primary education (ODI, 2016). Children who need to travel far for their education face financial disadvantages. Moreover, primarily through housing choices, poverty eradication (SDG 1), education (SDG 4) and drinking water (SDG 6) targets are not independent endeavors. Housing and basic services are inextricably linked. Achieving SDG 6 promotes the availability and sustainable management of water, and sanitation for all will help promote better housing and slum upgrading (Target 11.1). Housing accounts for much of human waste and some urban solid waste, both of which are directly linked to several other targets under SDG 6 and SDG 11. Housing equipped with effective waste management systems is crucial to ensuring access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene and to improving water resources’ quality and sustainability. Along with water, food and other ecosystem services, the sustainable provisioning of energy is a precondition for sustainable cities (TWI2050, 2018). SDG 7 promotes access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Given the role of energy social and environmental dimensions of livelihood, SDG 7 is interlinked with housing and, more broadly, with SDG 11 from various angles. Access to energy in housing—by enabling people to heat or cool their homes and to use in addressing the economic, C. TAKAGI et al. lighting and cooking facilities—interacts positively with health targets that unfold over multiple years (Nilsson et al., 2018). In turn, SDG 11, through access to more sustainable housing as one component of urban infrastructure, creates the conditions for achieving SDG 7. If the costs of new energy policies for housing fall disproportionately on the poor, poverty eradication could be impaired (Sovacool et al., 2016). Direct energy consumption and embedded energy in housing and services in urban areas have various environmental impacts. Thus, unsustainable consumption patterns for energy could hamper the achievement of SDG 12 and SDG 13. Conversely, better housing and waste management could contribute to a circular economy (SDG 12). Housing is increasingly developed, financed and managed by a mix of public agencies, markets, third sector organizations and cooperative or community actors, leading to various hybrid forms of governance (Van Bortel et al., 2019). The development of housing requires synergies among all parties and sectors involved throughout the building life cycle in order to achieve the desired outcomes. The concept of “green” development, including energy efficiency, needs to be implemented throughout the housing life cycle so that multi-agent and multi-sector synergies can be extended to all aspects of housing production, from policy development to planning and design, construction and transportation, operation and maintenance, as well as demolition and disposal (Zhang et al., 2018). Housing is a complex construct and requires complex approaches. Given the variety of synergies and trade-offs across numerous goals and targets, it is necessary to approach housing in a cross-sectoral and multidisciplinary way. Any research on housing, therefore, needs to embrace a holistic concept of housing. The impacts of housing factors such as energy provision and basic services need to be evaluated against actual housing conditions environment. Interlinkages between housing frameworks and other frameworks need to be considered; for example, housing and health issues should be considered within a public health framework. To reorient the relevant policies, normative and governance frameworks need to be adjusted to enable concrete actions by governments to attend to housing as a priority. Energy is a central component of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Lu, Nakicenovic et al., 2015). SDG 7 (Energy for All) aims to “ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all” (UN, 2015). the broader urban and 2.3.2 Management of Interlinkages in the Housing Sector 2.4 Energy Sector 2.4.1 The Case of the Energy Sector

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