Figure 1 illustrates the SCP concept. It is vital to 4 continue. With a focus on intellectual capital, the number of patents worldwide almost doubled from 14 million to 30 million over the past 19 years from 1992 to 2010 (Yagi & Managi, 2017), but the proportion from developed countries decreased from 97% to 88%. The application of intellectual capital in developing countries is expected to increase in the future. In addition, future changes in technology will be notable, such as digitization, including ICT (information and (artificial intelligence) and IoT (Internet of Things). Although these technologies may lead to a reduction in environmental impacts as a result of improved efficiency, there is also a danger in environmental loads due to increased consumption of new kinds. communication they will that By contrast, rapid economic growth has exaggerated economic disparities, for example, between urban and rural areas. More developed countries in Asia have higher shares of older rural residents and the urban-rural gap in services such as electricity can be wide, particularly in less developed countries (UNDP, 2016). Attention must be paid to these types of unstable elements among Asian societies. the growth of agribusiness, relocation of industries to rural areas, development of local cities and increased numbers of migrant workers, it is possible for households even in rural areas to enjoy a consumer lifestyle that is not much different from those of urban residents, making a living using products from domestic cities and foreign markets (Rigg and Vandergeest, 2011; Rigg et al., 2012). As such, the driver to maintain “self-sufficient”-type farm villages in these areas is weakening. In addition, along with Using only the roads taken by developed countries as a reference will result in a failure to stay current with global trends. There are two significant differences with the paths taken by developed countries: (1) (latent) changes in consumer lifestyles and values and (2) changes in production patterns based on technological changes as represented by digitization. Whittaker et al. (2010) also pointed out differences in development, focusing on the speed of development and associated consequences, calling it “compressed development.” As described in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and indicated as the twelfth of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) (UN, 2015b), the shift to sustainable consumption and production (SCP) patterns is an urgent agenda in Asia. Asian countries have already to accelerate the transition to SCP patterns in areas including, but not limited to, cleaner production, waste management and green public procurement. However, against the backdrop of rapid industrialization resulting in the urbanization and expansion of the middle-class, those conventional policy measures contribute mainly to efficiency of production. They will not be enough to address the challenges introduced many policies technology), AI result in an increase M. HIRAO et al. Fig. 1 Concept of Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP).mentioned above. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020 changed consumption and production (CP) patterns all over the world significantly. According to the IEA (2021), global energy demand in 2020 declined by 4%, the largest decrease since World War II. Many attempts have been made to understand the influences of COVID-19 and foresee CP patterns in the future. For example, Echegaray (2020) described changes in 12 domains of daily practice (such as work, education, leisure, mobility and housing) qualitatively and discussed their potential future. Boons et al. (2020) also discussed the effect of the COVID-19 on eight types of practices and various levels of retaining new practices: (1) recovery, (2) collapse, (3) accelerated transition to digitalization and (4) accelerated transition to sustainable development, as well as rebound effects. In fact, a projection by the IEA (2021) indicated a rebound of global energy demand the pre-COVID 2019 level. Tasaki et al. (2021a) applied a workshop method and identified 48 changes in five domains, distinguishing between those likely to return to the “old normal,” which accounted for 48% of the changed CP patterns, and those likely to become the “new normal.” With regards to policy for recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, UN ESCAP (2021b) discussed recovery strategies of Asia-Pacific cities taking this opportunity to build back better for sustainable, healthy and resilient urban development. SCP policy has to consider the influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on top of its evolution in the past. This article argues SCP policy development to ensure SCP patterns in Asia. We will first explain the authors’ research project on SCP, called “Policy Design and Evaluation to Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns in the Asian Region (PECoP-Asia),” and then present four strategic courses for SCP policies which policy makers should keep in mind. Then, we present 13 opportunities to mainstream SCP in Asia and their application. in 2021 exceeding 2. Development of Courses of SCP Policy
元のページ ../index.html#10